Academie Royale de Sciences Turkey Rayf, Mahmound comp. Anne S.K. Brown Military Collection images fre print 1 of 27 plates (16 double) 33 cm. reformatted digital Ottoman Istanbul had a tremendous capacity to produce arms and ammunition since it possessed the largest military-industrial complexes in the Mediterranean basin. During the late eighteenth century, this system underwent substantial reforms as part of the New Order (Niẓām-ı Cedīd) of Sultan Selim III (r. 1789-1807), which centralized the administrations of gunpowder factories under a single stream of management. Armenian watchmaker Arakel Dadian became the chief procurer of gunpowder, a post which he passed on to his descendants over the next century. The Ottoman statesman Mahmud Raif Efendi (d.1807) aided in propagating Selim III’s reforms and documented its progress in this French-language publication. His engravings compare old-fashioned artillery to state-of-the-art weapons that the Ottoman Royal Academy of Sciences closely studied to improve their arsenal against European competitors. composé par Mahmoud Rayf Efendi .. Pictorial works Turkey. Turkey Fortification Turkey Soldiers Turkey HAY NO CALL NUMBER ocm12803045 Tableau des nouveaux reglemens de l'Empire Ottoman FKS 851116 19890127000000.0 991027085839706966 Converted from MARCXML to MODS version 3.5 using MARC21slim2MODS3-5.xsl (Revision 1.107 2016/1/7) No Copyright - United States Collection is open for research.