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Only 100 copies of this numbered edition have been printed. You could not ask a handsomer volume for your library shelf or table. Price with Historical Catalogue $5*50. Address Brown Alumni Magazine Company^ p. O. Box J297, Providence, R* L THE BROWN ALUMNI MONTHLY Vol. X Providence, R. I., February, 1910 No. 7 A GLIMPSE AT GERMAN UNIVERSITIES By Professor J. B. E. Jonas, Ph. D. THE magnitude of my task lies in its diminutiveness. To compress into this brief paper even the most salient features of German univer- sity life is hopeless. I can, therefore, give only a few glimpses of that fascinating picture, and then without further intro- duction leap in medias res The first and Jiiost striking impression that an American gets of a German uni- versity is a negative one — the absence of externals. A German university is an internal organization of scholars searching for truth, an association of kindred spirits, masters and disci- ples, professors and students, whose only aim is investigation, pushing forward the boundaries of human knowl- edge, — and only such externals as are re- quisite to that end. An American uni- versity invariably has a campus in a com- manding location, usually on an emin- ence, with a number of stately buildings. The German university has a lecture hall, nothing more. This is usually an old, plain, bare, uninviting building, though there are some recent exceptions, such as the handsome new edifice at Leipzig and that at Jena. An example will illus- trate our Women's College, with its less than two hundred students, has three l)uildings and is seeking for more. Ber- lin university, with its nearly 15,000 stu- dents, has one building. This is stretch- ing the point somewhat, to be sure, for the Berlin student must seek his library, laboratories, and most seminars else- where, but, for that matter, so must our Pembroke students. A German univer- sity is something essentially intangible, a group of investigating men. It comes dangerously near Garfield's famous definition of an ideal college : "a log with Mark Hopkins at one end and a student at the other." In another respect this lack of exter- nals is shown in the absence of all com- petition. The German university atmos- phere is one of leisure. Our students are confronted by the keenest kind of competition from before the time they enter the university till the day of grad- uation. All this is absent in the German university. No entrance examinations, no prizes, scholarships, fellowships, no athletics, no debating societies, no col- lege paper, no absence reports, no tests, examinations or marks (the only record of the students' work is the signature of the professor in the "Anmeldebuech" in the possession of each student), no sum- mons from the dean or president — at least ordinarily. The only factor that enlivens this simplicity, — monotony we should think — is the fraternity student with his bright cap and ribbon, his beer- stein and duels. These latter, however, so far from being ostentatious public ath- letic spectacles, are closely guarded, often even secret, being unlawful, but connived at by the authorities and the police. From all this it follows, as a matter of course, that the "shows" of our academic life are absent. There are no athletic contests, no class days, no graduation, no theatricals, debates or musical per- formances. Paradoxical as it may seem, the most brilliant academic functions are not academic functions at all. The birth- 142 THE BROWN ALUMNI MONTHLY day of the "Landesherr" : emperor, king or duke, and similar political anniversa- ries, are celebrated by the universities, and that with a pomp and grandeur that America wots not of. The fraternities turn out to the martial music of bands, with their banners and uniforms, high boots, white leather breeches, plumed hats in all colors of the rainbow, duelling swords and other gorgeous regalia, pre- senting a pageant ot brilliancy and splen- dor such as we can hardly match even on circus day. One is particularly and peculiarly impressed by such a spectacle when it is called forth by the funeral of a distinguished professor. I had the privilege of this experience in Goettingen the day Professor Aiinkowski, the fam- ous mathematician, was buried. After one recovers from the shock and gets his nerves readjusted to the German way of looking at things, the whole matter seems solemn enough. We do not see enough brilliant uniforms in America to attune ourselves to such a spectacle at a funeral, without a shock. It is mediaeval. The university atmosphere is indeed one of leisure. Neither professors nor students are racing at a breakneck speed to make the next appointment, nor is there the nerve-racking, watch-in-hand tension to see if the professor will not by a fraction of a moment fail of his five-minute time limit, followed by the crowd of students rushing out and madly yelling "cut," in a frenzy of joy. The German lectures are announced to begin on the hour. Academic custom allows a quarter of an hour's grace, the "Akadem- isches Viertel;" and no lectures begin till fifteen minutes past the hour. Some pro- fessors appear reasonably promptly at the quarter period, but if they do not, the students patiently wait till twenty or twenty-five or even thirty min- utes past the hour — and longer, if need be. If a professor becomes too remiss, the students sometimes "scrape" to show their disapproval. but at the next offense they wait with the same patience as before. And this is but natural. Attendance is not com- pulsory. If students do not wish to at- tend lectures, they do not attend. No- body cares. The loss is theirs. It is all their own business. The German uni- versity student is a mature man and is looked upon and treated as such. He gets, upon leaving the gymnasium (preparatory school), his Reifezeugnis, testimony of maturity. He has now at- tained his academic majority and is no longer in leading strings. He can be en- trusted with his own educational affairs. And he has leisure; his time is his own. He has no outside work and no sport. The only sport that is universal in Ger- many is military service, and that is so arranged as not to interfere with academ- ic life. And it is not competitive, it represses rather than evokes individu- ality and initiative. The only examina- tion the German university gives is the doctor's examination at the "end of the course," (i. e. when the student and his professors think that he is able to pass it), on passing which and submitting an acceptable dissertation, the doctor's de- gree is granted. Incidentally, "scraping" and "stamp- ing" are more common in German uni- versities than with us.' The lectures of Professor Adler of Columbia, the last year's Roosevelt professor at Berlin, were interesting on this score. As he was lecturing on American political, edu- cational and economic conditions and was constantly comparing the corresponding conditions in Germany, and as his re- marks were very frank and unequivocal, both in commendation and in criticism, his lectures were constantly punctuated now by "scraping" of disapproval and then by "stamping" of approval. Most interesting were the remarks that elicited differences of opinion. Very often a por- tion of his auditors were "stamping" while others would be "scraping" at the same time. In his remarkably touching and beautiful farewell address he al- luded with approval to these expressions of opinion, stating that often he had been surprised to find a different re- sponse to his remarks from that which he had expected. It was only by such frank expressions that set one thinking, he said, that a comprehension of nation- al ideals different from one's own, inter- national understanding and comity, and the world's peace could be attained. The problem of "outside work," self- support, does not enter the sphere of the THE BROWN ALUMNI MONTHLY 143 German university. No one who has not the funds goes, or can go, to the univer- sity. But the test comes long hefore the university days. No boy goes to the hu- manistic gyi)masiiiiii (leadmg to the uni- versity) who is not able to see his way tinancially clear through the university, there is some opportunity to do a little tutoring now and then, but no one would go to the university on such a chance. VVe have at Brown men who are doing a full day's work outside of their college duties. A unique feature, to our way of think- ing, is the lack of organization. A Ger- man university is not a corporation with a powerful executive and subordinate of- ficials. It is a democracy in the true sense of the word. There is a rector (our president) and a dean from each of the four faculties (theology, law, medicine, philosophy). But these men are chosen in rotation from among their own number by the faculty itself. Each serves only one year and no control of any kind is exercised, and of course no policy of any kind is es- tablished. A German professor cannot be dismissed. He can only be pensioned. If the German state wants to get rid of an official, he is pensioned ; if an of- ficial wants to give up his position, he gets himself pensioned. The German government is paternal ! So far from being under a corporation, a German uni- versity faculty is itself a close corpora- tion, and very jealous of its rights. Not only does it choose from its own num- bers its rector and deans, but it fills its own vacancies. If a professor dies or accepts a call to another university the professors choose a man to fill his place, and choose such a man as will not only be an honor to his chair, but also will be sympathetic and congenial to his col- leagues. I do not know whether one "blackball" is sufficient to vitiate a man's candidacy, but one is strongly reminded of our fraternity methods of election. The miiiistcniim has some limited pre- rogatives in the university administra- tion, but not many. It sometimes tries to take liberties, but the faculty is very resentful of any encroachment. The summer before my arrival in Berlin, the }iii)iistcriiini had filled a vacancy in the faculty of that university without con- sulting the professors and without their consent, lliey rebelled, and refused to accept the new professor as a colleague, — not because he was not an able man, or because he was personally offensive to the university circle, but as a matter of policy. A German university faculty in- sists on its rights. The new professor was to begin his lectures that fall, and had announced them in the V orlesungs z>er::cichiiis (announcement of courses). A most humiliating situation arose. The result was that a statement over his own signature appeared on the bulletin board, stating that, as the ministerium had gra- ciously granted him leave of absence for a six months' "Stiidienreise,'' his lectures would be withdrawn. Everyone knew perfectly well why he had gone on a "Stndienrcisc." He had resigned his old position and failed to be received into the new one, so he had to take a "Studiotpeisc" He had to "pack his grip," in student slang. It was a severe rebuke. Even in matters as important as the opening and closing of the university, which with us are such important dates, the German university has no organized uniformity. The "Vorlesungsverzeich- nis" states, to be sure, that certain pro- fessors will lecture on certain subjects and that the university will open on the 15th of October (if it is the winter sem- ester) or the 15th of April (if it is the summer semester), and will close on the 15th of March or the 15th of August. As a matter of fact the German univer- sity does not begin and does not close. Each professor separately and on his own initiative and responsibility announ- ces on the bulletin board when and where he intends to begin his lectures, usually about two weeks later than the 15th of October or April, and with no uniformity. Some professors begin a full week, or even more, later than their colleagues. So each course of lectures (but not the university) begins — and the students attend, or do not attend, as they see fit. The semester closes with the same irregularity. The students, in their turn, are free to choose any lectures, and as many as they please. Besides they have a 144 THE BROWN ALUMNI MONTHLY month's '■try-out" before they need to elect delinitely, register, and pay for any course. They are free at this time to visit all the lectures that seem attractive to them. At the end of this month, the time when the students are testing the professors, they select whichever lectures appeal to them, as many or as few as they like, one course of four lectures a week usually being a minimum to retain university residence. The professors are wholly indifterent (or profess to be) as to how many or how few students elect their courses, though it affects their in- come, which is derived from two sources : their salary and the fees of their stu- dents. The latter are twenty marks (five dollars) per semester for a course of four lectures a week, and fractions or multiples thereof. No control of stu- dents is kept, however, and many stu- dents take courses without registering or paying for them. This is called "schin- den" (^skinning). Every popular lectur- er has many such auditors in his courses. An interesting story is told of Professor Kuno Fischer of Heidelberg, in this con- nection. He had one of the largest audi- toriums in the university, so packed full of students that they had to stand in the aisles and along the walls (not an unusual condition in Germany). When the payment of fees was turned over to him by the university treasurer, he found that he had appealed to the intellects of the students more than to their purses. As he entered the lecture room the next time, he exclaimed, with a twinkle in his eye, to the men standing in the aisles : Please sit down, gentlemen. There is plenty of room ; only 47 of these 300 seats are occupied." Not all lectures require a fee. There are three kinds of courses : public, private and strictly private (oeffentlich, privatim and privatissime), the latter being usually in the form of seminars and requiring the previous consent of the professor, after consultation, to gain admission. The first and last are given gratis. To the American undergraduate with his fights and class-rushes and very high- ly developed class spirit, it is hard to un- derstand that there are no classes in a German university. There are only two divisions of students, freshmen, Fuechse (foxes), as they are called, and upper- classmen, the latter regardless whether it is their third or thirteenth semester (German students age by semesters). The American graduate student under- stands these conditions more readily. The length of residence of a student at a university is unlimited. At Berliu there is said to be a "student" consider- ably older than most of the professors. Early in his academic career a wealthy uncle stipulated in his will that a certain pretty liberal yearly allowance should be paid to him while he was pursuing hia university studies. He has been pursu- ing them ever since. An interesting corollary attaches to these conditions. The one universal, cry- ing need that is being urged all along the line of American academic life, from the lowest to the highest, east, west, north and south, alike, — one that the walls of every pedagogical meeting are echoing, — is for closer relations, more intimate per- sonal contact between student and in- structor. The most ambitious and most thorough attempt to meet this demand is the interesting experiment of the precep- torial system recently inaugurated at Princeton. Every reader of these lines familiar with, and interested in, this most recent phase of our educational en- deavor will ask in view of the lax, un- organized conditions in the German uni- versity, what relation does, and can, the individual student have to the individual professor, especially in the large uni- versities, and the large courses? The appropriateness of this question is fur- ther emphasized when he is told that in the more popular departments a profes- sor often lectures "at" from five hundred to eight hundred students in one course. The answer is as simple as it is inevita- ble : there is none. In this respect as in many others, our first real university (with apologies to President Jordan, who asserts that we have none even yet), af- fords us the closest analogy, indeed the only one so far as I am aware, in this country. Prof. Rowland, late head of the department of physics of Johns Hop- kins, once had a visit from one of his colleagues from another university. He was showing him through his laboratory and the various appurtenances of the THE BROWN ALUMNI MONTHLY 145 physics department, and was explaining his own investigations and experiments in research work. The visitor enjoyed it all, but was most impressed evidently by the great number of graduate students working under Professor Rowland's di- rection. After the tour of inspec- tion the colleague exclaimed to Profes- sor Rowland, "You have an extraor- dinary number of students, what do you do with them all?" "Neglect them," laconically replied the brilliant and dis- tinguished physicist. That is precisely what the German professors do with their students, only with them it is the rule, and Professor Rowland's attitude was a rare and striking exception. They have no preceptors in German universities. They have mature students and treat them as such. It is only the occasional, exceptional one that is favored by closer personal relation. Not that the German professor is unapproachable or discour- teous, quite on the contrary, but he is busy. Besides, the university professor has his sphere, and the student has his. The number of lectures a professor gives in Germany is determined by him- self. Usually it is one course of four lectures a week and a seminar of one two-hour session each week, making five sessions and six forty-five minute pe- riods per week, the Acadcniischcs Vicr- trl being observed in seminars as it is in lectures. Some professors add a two- hour course either gratis or private, or e"ive an additional one-hour seminar. This, however, rests wholly in their own hands. The income of a university professor varies greatly, especially on account of the fees, as the professor in a popular dcDartment like German litei'ature or history mav have as manv hundred stu- dents as his colleaeue in Sanskrit or old Norse has individuals. In the rnain, however, the German professor, it seemed to me. is financiallv better situa- ted than his Aimerican colleague, and his 'social position is far his/her and more honored. On the other hand, the Pn- ^•afdornit (lecturer) is obliged to lecture, often for vears, without salarv. for only the fees his students nay. till he is pro- moted to a professorship to which a sal- at-v attaches. Another very striking fact about the German universities and one that is es- pecially interesting just now to those who have been reading Dr. Slosson's articles on "American Universities" is their ab- solute uniformity. While the entrance requirements, and, in the main, the cur- riculum and courses of our colleges and universities have been standardized, so that they all cover about the same ground, the spirit, traditions, tone, and atmos- phere of our universities is entirely dif- ferent. No two are alike. To compare institutions about on a level, Princeton and Stanford, or Chicago and Harvard — what a difl:"erence, though the work may be practically the same ! Just so it is with the product. Not only the institu- tions, but their graduates are typical. We speak of a Yale man or a Dartmouth, Williams or Johns Hopkins man, and ev- ery one, instinctively and at once, recog- nizes a distinct, definite type of man. Germany does not even have the ex- pression, a Berlin or Bonn or Marburg man. There a man simply has "studiert" or pro-movier't (taken his doctor's de- gree) at Heidelberg or Goettingen. We have on this account many and ever new vexatious academic questions. They have no university problems over there. Ev- erything is settled. A German universitv is absolutely the same institution whether large or small, north or south, in a city or a town. The universities of Berb'n and T^e- bineen, Rostock and Munich are 'dpr>- tical in work and ideals. The <;tu^"''''t'= can migrate from one to the othe'^ w'th out the slightest inconvenience: and thev do migrate freely. Every student at- tends at least two. and often three or four universities. Such a thin? as choos- ins" a universitv because of its ideals o'" traditions, or for sentimental attachmnntt; of anv kind and staving- there thron"^hoiit the cour'^p is wholh^ unknown in Cpr- manv. Thev have no lovaUv to {\ie hi stitution in our sense of the word. Stu- dents there do not choose a imiversitv but men under whom thev w^nt to ctndv no matter at 'what univprs'tv th<^v m'i\' hannen to be. So. too. is a German nv^i- nashim identicallv the same thm"^ wheth- er in Kiel or in Freiburg, in Hamburg or in Strassburg. 146 THE BROWN ALUMNI MONTHLY Co-education has at last been intro- duced in Prussia after a long struggle. South German universities had been ad- mitting women much earlier, so that German universities can now be said to be coeducational. A very large number of women students are foreigners, how- ever, from Russia, Poland, Scandinavia, the Balkan states, etc., and they are not, on the whole a very attractive set. The American women stand out conspicuous- ly as distinctly superior — externally at least. They constitute a class by them- selves, ^lany German professors do not take kindly to coeducation. Some of them go so far as to be positively rude in their treatment of the women. In all the above remarks I have had in mind particularly the literary side of the university work, with which I came into closer contact. The scientific side, from all I could gather, would bear out all I have said, though laboratory work and methods are of course based on a somewhat different attitude and differ- ent personal relations. I have endeavored to show that the institutions of learning of the two countries are fundamentally and radically different. Any attempt to borrow largely and to transplant freely must prove disastrous. American uni- versities are still in the making, and are already afflicted with too much diversi- fied and miscellaneous borrowing. We must first of all digest, assimilate and organize what we already possess. We are a distinct nation with political and economic independence, and we must organically develop our own indi- genous educational ideals and insti- tutions. As both nations grow older, and as all nations, by extended inter- course, become more and more alike, our universities may blend more closely. For the present that cannot and should not be our aim. Our problems are our own and peculiar to ourselves. How dissim- ilar American and German universities still are, is best illustrated by the ex- change of professors. In many ways this is a most happy and auspicious under- taking; academically, it is a failure. I do not argue for its discontinuance, most decidedly the contrary. I believe it is an excellent idea, and fraught with great- er possibilities and promise of good than we can now realize. The plan should certainly be fostered and even extended. I'olitically and socially it is of untold val- ue, but academically it is not a success. In concluding this rambling paper on some glimpses of a university life diifer- ent from our own, I wish most distinctly to emphasize the fact that excellences do not by any means all lie on one side. There is room for criticism both liere and there. Both nations still have much to learn from each other, but each country must retain its own ideals, tra- ditions and system ; they should only be modified where improvement seems at- tainable. ALUMNI ORGANIZE AT MANCHESTER ON the evening of Jan. loth, a Brown Alumni Associa- tion was formed at Man- chester, N. H. It will be known as the Brown Alum- ni Association of New Hampshire and \^ermont. The meeting for organiza- tion was attended by a goodly company of graduates, mostly from the former state. President Faunce spoke on "The In- ner Life of Brown University." In part he said : "There have been during my presi- dency two movements, in one of which I was deejily interested eight or ten years ago, and in the other I am today. The first was the laboratory movement. I wanted to have large, ade(|uate labor- atories for the more exact stuth- of the sciences and the humanities. Brown, like all the otlier universities, has se- cured them. Today the greatest prob- lem in Brown, as in the others, is un- dergraduate social life. "One solution of this is Princeton's THE BROWN ALUMNI MONTHLY HI preceptorial system. Other institutions are using other schemes. President Lowell of Harvard has taken up this problem as the most important of his administration so far. There can be no doubt but there should be a closer social contact between students and pro- fessors and between different students. We are trying at Brown to bring this about, both by increasing the number and influence of undergraduate frater- nal societies and by contracting with groups of students for the adaptation of dormitories to more social and home- like purposes, "Not long ago I attended a meeting in New York city of sixty university men, representing fifty-five different in- stitutions. There we discussed frater- nities. I believe that fraternities in some instances have grown preponderantly strong, and should be attended to by the schools of which they are a social part. One single university, Columbia, has fra- ternity property to the value of over a million dollars. This condition so close- ly in contact with undergraduate social life has made it such a real problem that college executives must think about it in the next few years." The president closed his speech with a message of encouragement to the newly formed alumni association, which he said, is the twenty- fourth such connected with Brown. "Every alumni club is a tower of strength for the university, a permanent source of energy for years to come." Dr. Faunce preached at the First Bap- tist Church, addressed 500 pupils at the high school, spoke to the Manchester Ministers' Association on "The Psychol- ogy of Public Worship," and was the chief guest at a reception, as well as at the alumni dinner. He was accompanied by Professor Courtney Langdon and a student quar- tet composed of Lawrence Gardner, '11, of Portland, Me. ; Orville P. Richardson, '11, of Attleboro, Mass.; Arthur F. New- ell, '12, of Boston, and Earl P. Dane, '11, of Providence. Professor Langdon spoke on athletics from the point of view of an instructor. Among others who spoke were Fred A. Smart, '98, an instructor in Tilton Sem- inary ; Judge Reuben E. Walker, '75, of the state supreme bench ; G. L Hopkins, '75, sub-master of the high school; Rev. Dx. Burton \V. Lockhart and Rev. George E. Hathaway, ex-'oi. Letters were read, indorsing the newly formed Brown club, from Attorney Gen- eral Edwin G. Eastman ; Clinton 11. Cur- rier, '98, an instructor in mathematics at Brown; Irving L. Woodman, '01, assist- ant head-master of the Riverdale schools, and Professor A. K. Potter, '86, of Brown. The gathering voted for a permanent organization and elected these ot^cers for the current year : President, Professor George L Hop- kins, '75, of Manchester; vice-president. Judge R. E. Walker of Concord, '75 ; secretary. Dr. H. W. N. Bennett, '97, of Manchester ; treasurer, Carroll S. King of Manchester. An interesting communication sent to the diners was from George Dudley Dodge, '57, of Hampton Falls. It read : To the Brownie clan at Derryfield, convened on ye tenth day, first month, of ye New Year 1910. From one o' ye kin, who's fast shut in, when Jack Frost's king. A Brownie by the sounding sea, Greets all Brownies who may be Gathered by a wise degree, At a Brownie feast of glee. Feast of reason, flow of soul. E'en without the flowing bowl ; Cheer, in spite of winter's cold, Love for Alma Mater old. May each Brownie do his part, To fill the hour with social zest ; Wealth is not of life the best. Better things there are for quest. Rise, each Brownie, to your height. Be each one a modern knight. Ever valiant for the right ; Make of life a worthy fight. "What Cheer" tlien shall find reply. From each Brownie, tho' he die ; Die to fame, that's oft a lie, Die to greed, that breeds a sigh. Old Roger, then, shall bless the day I4S THE BROWN ALUMNI MONTHLY Tliat saw him banished from the bay, Foundations new and great to lay, Where Ahna ATater reigns todav. Faunce is a name 'tis hard to rhyme ; Fit prose is good at any time ; So here it is — Tliree clieers for Faunce ; Old Brown and Providence ! Those present were Hiram A'. Stearns, '97. C. F. Bates. '03. Carroll S. King, H. S. Holbrook. 00, Rev. George R. Hazard. "94. George L Hopkins. '7=5. Rev. Burton W. Lockhart. Rev. George E. Hathaway, ex-'oi, R. W. Seamans, Henry B. Stearns, '99, Arthur W. Rovv- ell, '93, Dr. Walter T. Crosby, "95, and Dr. H. W. N. Bennett, '97, of Manches- ter ; Professor Fred A. Smart, '98, Til- ton ; Oliver P. Hussey, '99, Nashua ; B. O. Pillsbury. '00. Lowell, Mass. ; Judge Reuben E. Walker, '75. Concord ; Dr. W. H. P. Faunce, '80, Professor Court- ney Langdon, h. '91, and Earl B. Dane, '11, Providence. R. L; A. Stanton Owen. '90. Laconia ; Bertram Blaisdell, '92, Meredith; Lawrence Gardner, '11, I^ortland. Me. ; Orville P. Richardson, Jr., 'it, Attleboro, Mass., and Arthur F. Newell, '12, Boston. OPPORTUNITY IVilliam H. Eddy, rSg2, in the Atlantic Monthly Foolish is he who says that at his door I knock but once, a furtive moment stay, Fearing lest he shall hear, then haste away ; Glad to escape him — to return no more. Not so, I knock and wait, and o'er and o'er Come back to summon him. Day after day I come to call the idler from his play, Or wake the dreamer with my vain up- roar. Out of a thousand, haply, now and then, r)ne, if he hear again and yet again. Will tardy rise and open languidly. The rest, half puzzled, half annoyed, re- turn To play or sleep, nor seek nor wish to learn Who the untimely, clownish guest may be. THE BROWN ALUMNI MONTHLY 149 THE BROWN ALUMNI MONTHLY I'liblished for the (iraduates of JSrown University by the I?rown Alumni Magazine Co. Robert P. Brown, Treas., Providence, R. I. ADVISORY BOARD William W. Kekk, '5;>, Philaiielphia, Pa. Henry K. Poktek, (iO, Pittsburgh, Pa. Fkan<,2, Sonierville, Mass. Gardner Colhv, '87, New York, N. Y. Joseph N. Ashion, 'yi, Salem, Mass. William R. Dorman, '92, New York, N. Y. George a. Gaskill, '98, Worcester, Mass. HENRY ROBINSON PALMER, '90, Editor HARRY LYMAN KOOPMAN, Associate Editor EARL N. MANCHESTER, '02, Alumni Editor and Business Manager Address all communications to the Brown Alumni Monthly, Brown University, Providence, R. I. Subscription Price, ijil.oii a Year. Single Copies, Ten Cents There is no issue during August and September P^ntered at the Providence post-office as second-class matter FEBRUARY, 1910 The Brown Alumni Monthly cannot rmdertake to return manuscripts sent to it for publication, unless they are accompanied by sufficient postage WHERE THE FRESHMEN COME EROM It is sometimes feared that Brown will become, even more than it is today, a "provincial" university, especially if the corporation is so reconstituted as to make it a non-sectarian body. The argu- ment of those who take this view is that a large proportion of the students who come to Providence from distant states are drawn by denominational considera- tions, and there is undeniably some basis for such an opinion. At the same time, it may be argued that the proposed amendment of the charter will work no immediately radical change in the com- position of the corporation, and that the traditions of the university can never be altered. Beyond this, moreover, a glance at the new catalogue will suggest to any- one who reads between the lines that Brown can be saved from provinciality, so far as the attendance from remote states may be judged in this respect to constitute salvation, by loyal work on the part of the alumni resident in those states. At Youngstown, Ohio, an enthusiastic alumnus, Rev. Charles H. Pendleton, is demonstrating the possil)ilities open to every Brown man who cares to extend the field of Brunonian influence. It hap- pens that Mr. I'endleton belongs to the branch of the church which is at present dominant in the university corporation, but we do not suppose that he has alto- gether relied upon denominational argu- ments to persuade young men in his city to come to Brown for their collegiate ed- ucation. Last year President Faunce vis- ited Youngstown and in response to an earnest local request talked at some length with a number of high school stu- dents ; and this, very likely, had some- thing to do with the subsequent in- flux to this city. Be that as it may, in the new class of 1913 are four young men from Youngstown; while the city contributes three to the upper classes, including the caotain-elect of the univer- sity football team. It is easy to see how from this present nucleus a large body of future Youngstown students and alumni may be evolved, to the profit and satisfaction of all concerned. The freshman class is composed of stu- dents from sixteen states of the union and the territory of Porto Rico. The figures in detail are as follows : Maine, 4 Md., i N. H., 9 W. Va., I Vt., 7 Fla., I Mass., R. I., yy 111., I Conn., 5 Mich., i N. Y., N. J., Penn., 187 Of the yy members of the class from 4 Md., 9 W. Va., 7 Fla., 41 Ohio, 17 III., 5 Mich., 20 Col, 5 P. Rico, 6 Total, I50 THE BROWN ALUMNI MONTHLY Rhode Islund, 47 are from Providence, trade of the United States with foreign 9 from Pawtucket, 3 from Newport and countries ; American history, government 2 from Bristol. For the first time in several years Westerly is not represent- ed. In the freshman class of the Wo- men's College, however, arc 2 students from that town. Among the larger cities of the country. New York sends us 4 fresh- men, Boston 2, Philadelphia 2 and Chi- cago I. ]\Iorristown. N. J-, seems worth cultivating as a Brown centre, for it con- tributes 3 freshmen. In Massachusetts some of the cities are represented as follows: Fall River 4. Newburyport 3. New Bedford 2. and Springtield 2. Considered by sections of the country. New England is represented by 138 freshmen, the remainder of the region east of the Mississippi by 42 and the trans-]^Iississippi ^^'est by 2 only. Turning to the freshman class of the Women's College, we find that Provi- dence contributes 16. the rest of Rhode Island 19. Massachusetts 11. \'ermont i, Connecticut i. New Jersey i and Illinois I. Total 50. TRAINING FOR Pl'BLIC SER VICE Tlie recent order of President Taft, ])roviding for appointments to the diplo- matic service after examination in cer- tain sul)jects has called fresh attention to the facilities which Brown University ofifers for training in preparation for public service. The order provides that "the examina- tions shall be both oral and in writing and shall include the following subjects: — international law. diplomatic usage, and a knowledge of at least one modern lan- guage other than English, to wit, French, Spanish, or German; also the natural, in- dustrial and commercial resources and the commerce of the United States, es- pecially with reference to the possibili- ties of increasing and extending the and institutions; and the modern history since 1850 of Europe, Latin America and the I'^ar b'.ast." A'dmission to the con- sular service has since 190O been un- der somewhat similar conditions. The provisions made by the university for instruction in the prescribed subjects may be considered in the order men- tioned. The courses in international law and diplomacy are in charge of Professor Wilson, who recently represented the United States Government at the Inter- national Naval Conference and who is also connected with the United States Naval War College, which is brought into increased importance through the recent reorganization of the Navy de- partments. The language depa tments olTer prep- aration in English, French, Spanish, and (ierman and even Italian, conversation courses in foreign languages being con- ducted by Professors Langdon, Johnson, \o\\ Klenze, Crowell and Jonas. The maritime resources of the United States may l)c studied under Professors Mead and (iorham, who are closely con- nected with the work of the national and state governments, upon boards and com- missions having charge of various lines of conservation of marine life. Professor Brown is in charge of the Natural Resources Survey of Rhode Isl- and, and with Professor Kirk conducts a special course in economic and commer- cial geography. This course embraces "a study of the physical features of the land ; of climate, winds, ocean currents and their relation to man ; of the geo- graphical distribution of food-stufifs and raw materials of industry ; and of the consequent development of commerce and of civilization in its economic as- pects," THE BROWN ALUMNI MONTHLY 151 Professors Gardner and Kirk also give an extended course in the investigation of special topics relating to economic life and problems. Courses in money and banking and industrial history are also given in addition to the general ec- onomic courses. Li all of these courses both foreign and American conditions re- ceive attention. The work is rendered more effective by an ample economic li- brary. Courses in American history both po- litical and constitutional are conducted by Professor IMacDonald. European his- tory since 181 5 is covered by a course under Professor Munro. The course in political science under Professors Wilson and Dealey cover the governmental institutions of the two Aknericas and Europe and the general field of world politics. There are many closely allied courses in the other departments affording a breadth of training particularlv essential to public service. The library facilities in the respective subjects are exceptional. There may be mentioned the Wheaton Collection in Tnternational Law, the Romance, Ger- manic, Biological, Economic and Geo- logical department libraries, the unri- valled historical collections in the John Carter Brown Library and the large historical collection in the main library, which also contains the books essential to the preparation for public service. With such facilities Brown is able to fit students for public life in which many of her earlier graduates achieved such marked distinction and in which many of her more recent graduates are gain- ing honorable recognition. A distinguished Erench publicist who has recently been making investigations of American public life remarked that in his investigation carried on in every state in the I'^'nited States, "the work of two men in the United States had seemed to him more effective and beneficial than that of any others." Without knowing anything of the educational preparation of these two men, he named two gradu- ates of Brown. There is no reason why other Brown men with the opportunities now afforded by the university courses should not (|ualify for similar recogni- tion. LESSONS FROM GERMAN UNI- VERSITIES The extremely interesting article which Dr. Jonas contributes to this number of the Monthly furnishes food for thought to all who are interested in American higher education. The contrasts to our own conditions are startling. Compare the meagre German outfit in buildings with our lavish provision. Consider the amount of competition to which the Am- erican boy is subjected throughout his college career, beginning with the draw- ings for a dormitory room, the entrance examinations, and in many cases a strug- gle to secure outside work, and contin- ued in his efforts to obtain prizes, schol- arshi]is, positions on the athletic or de- bating teams, on the college publications, or in fraternities or other student or- ganizations, a struggle relieved only by the competition, in certain cases, of or- ganizations to secure him. Of all this storm and stress the German student ap- ]iears to be absolutely free. Then con- sider the constant pressure and multiplic- ity of interests to which the American student is condemned, — examinations. ]5ractices, "try-outs," drills, meetings, so- ciables in never ending succession. He rushes from one appointment to an- other: he is bewildered, staggered, over- whelmed. He cannot remember all his engagements, but must keep a memoran- dum of them, and he actually cannot meet them all. TTe labors to keep within the 152 THE BROWN ALUMNI MONTHLY limits of his allowed chapel and recita- tion absences ; and he honestly tries to do some studying. Hardly has he begun to get adjusted to conditions before tests and mid-term examinations pull him up bv the roots. Later in his coarse come more prolonged, relentless and sharper competitions for the more coveted hon- ors of student life: editorships, athletic captaincies, business managerships, Phi Beta Kappa, or Sigma Xi. Sandwiched in between come examinations for special prizes, debating efforts, oratorical con- tests, musical or dramatic competitions, or literary efforts. Such is the American student's "still air of delightful studies." But of all this the German student knows literally nothing. n the American student's time and energy are hashed into bits, no less are those of his professors. The American theory seems to be that if any member of a university is not obviously and public- ly busy, he is wasting his time and that of the university. The German profes- sor teaches few hours, cuts his term short at his pleasure, and even abridges his lecture hour by one-half if he sees fit. He is not subject to the faculty, nor is the faculty subject to any higher pow- er. Everything is democratic to the verge, and sometimes beyond the verge, of anarchy. But what are the compar- ative results? What is the contribution of the German university to scholarship and what is that of the American? H scholarship and the advancement of learning are what universities are for, then the American university is the most wasteful business plant ever oper- ated. Judged by other standards it is undoubtedly successful, but are the standards that satisfy us the true stand- ards? TOPICS OF THE MONTH WHILE the new catalogue shows a falling ofif in reg- istration as compared with a year ago, the decrease is almost w'holly accounted for by the increased requirements for ad- mission to the engineering courses. Following are the figures by depart- ments and classes : Graduate Department. iQog 1910 Students 92 in Undergraduate Men. 1909 1910 Seniors 140 123 Juniors 131 I45 Sophomores 170 185 Freshmen 243 187 Special students 42 41 Total 726 681 Women's College. 1909 1910 Seniors 40 31 Juniors 34 39 Sophomores 42 34 Freshmen 44 5° Special students 19 29 Total 179 183 General Summary. 1909 1910 Graduate Department 92 in Undergraduate Men "726 681 Women's College 179 183 997 975 Deduct names counted twice ... 4 8 Grand total 993 967 THE BROWN AIXJMNI MONTHLY 153 THE BROWN UNION Brown Union From the latest member- Prosperity si^ip reports of the Brown Union the following inter- esting figures are taken : Graduate mem- bers 270; undergraduate members 520; others 41. Total 831. This shows that there are at present 161 undergraduate men out of a total of 681 who do not belong to the Union. In some cases the reason is undoubtedly financial; in others it is due to residence in the city or suburbs. It has sometimes been urged either that the Union should be free to all undergraduate men or the membership fee ($4 a year) be added to all term bills. In opposition to this it is pointed out that the institution gains a certain valuable prestige from being regarded as a privilege attainable only upon the voluntary payment of a fixed charge, however nominal. The Union restaurant this year has been more prosperous than ever before. There are from seventy-five to one hun- dred "regular" boarders, while an aver- age of 125 to 150 men a day eat one meal in the adjoining lunch room. On rainy days this number has reached 300. Needed improvements have just been made to the pool and billiard tables. In the reading room a select library of essays and fiction has been started — and much used — and new binders have been provided for the monthly and weekly l)ublications, thus doing away with the vexatious system in vogue last year of keeping these periodicals on call, and un- der lock and key, at the office. Baseball Coach Woodcock begins Prospects work with seven baseball men of last year's team. McGurty, who played second base on the 1908 nine, will also be eligible, to- gether with Bliss, the former Technical High player, who for three years was unable to participate in 'varsity games. Barrows, who was a promising candi- date for the outfield last year, but who broke his coll ar bone in the indoor prac- tice in the gymnasium, will be a strong candidate for the outfield, as will Swaf- field, who played in a few games last year. The baseball team has lost four men in Dennie, Raymond, Nourse and Or- CLitt. Captain Hennessey, catcher; Stafif, Clark and Warner, pitchers ; Giles, first baseman ; Regnier second baseman, and Nash, shortstop, will be the mainstays on this year's nine. The infield remains practically intact, except that third base was made vacant by the loss of Orcutt. Several fast men will be tried out for that position, among them being McGurty, '10; Reilly 154 THE BROWN ALUMNI MONTHLY of Brockton High School, Altdoerffer, who played third on the Lisbon, O., High School, and Cawley, who was a substitute infielder last vear on the 'var- sity. H. llcnnossey, Liilbert, Marsh and Leith, who played on last year's fresh- man team ; Howe, Crowther and Ash- baugh are also candidates for the in- field. Howe comes from Philadelphia, where he played first base on the De Lancey School team. Crowther is well- known for his playing on the Pawtucket High School and the St. Michael's team of the Providence Amateur League. Ashbaugh played first base for the Lis- bon, O., High School for several years, and comes with a good reputation. Eight men will try for pitcher, and three of these, Staff, Clark and Warner, have already won their B. Bliss un- doubtedly will pitch in some of the games as his work during the past three years recommends him. Baines, who captained the Exeter team last year, was to have been on the pitching list, but lost his life through a cerebral hemor- rhage a few^ days ago, while exercising at the Hoyt Swimming Pool. Conzelman comes to Brown highly recommended as a pitcher by Coach Hardy oi Cushing Academy. Aspinwall of Pawtucket High and Torrey of Wey- mouth Hill, also have good preparatory school records as pitchers. Snell, who caught for Andover last year, Harris of Dedham High, Murnane, 'ii, and Captain Hennessey, will look after the backstop jiosition. McKay, Barrows, Swaffield and With- erow are trying for the outfield, but it is probable that the substitute catchers and pitchers will also play there, as was the case la.st year. Captain Hennessey says the prospects for a strong team are as bright as they liave been for some years past. t^* ^» ^* Basketball The B r o w n basketball Record record and schedule is as follows : Jan. S, R. I. Colleg:e at Providence, 32-13. Jan. 12. Worcester Polytechnic at Providence, 39-19- Jan. 15, Jan. 19, Jan. 22, Jan. 26, Jan. 29, Feb. 2 Feb. 5, Feb. 9, Feb. 16, Feb. 19, Feb. 22 Feb. 23, Feb. 26, M. I. T. at Providence, 14-16. Tufts at Providence, 14-19. Wesleyan at Aliddletown, 14-29. Tufts at Medford, 15-22. Yale at Providence, 21-34. Wesleyan at Providence, 16-23. Andover at Providence, 41-19. Williams at Williamstown. M. I. T. at Boston. Cornell at Providence, West Point at West Point. Pratt Institute at Brooklyn. Williams at Providence. Graduate The Graduate Department Department ].,^g j-^Qj-g students this year than ever before. Includ- ed in the number, however, are nine members of the present senior class. It will be interesting to note from what in- stitutions the students in this department received their first degree : Brown, 69 Rhode Is., Smith, 5 Tufts, Bates, 3 Ohio Wes., Wellesley, 3 Middlebury, Vassar, 2 Mt. Holyoke, Dartmouth, i Rio Grande, Boston U., I Wm. Jewell, Bucharest, i U. of France, Arcadia, i La Grange, Denison, i Chicago, Colby, I M. I. T., Amity, I Mass. Ag., Baylor, I "Round Top" At the anniversarv cele- and Brown jjration of the Beneficent Congregational Church of Providence last month, the interesting fact was brought out that the first col- lege commencement in this city was held in the original meeting-house erected on the present site of that church. As a matter of fact all the commencements from 1770 to 1774 inclusive were held in the west side Congregational church. The first, in t7'^0, had been held in the Baptist church at Warren; in 1775. there were no exercises on account of the absorption of public interest by the war; in 1776 the new Baptist meeting- house on North Main street was the scene of the ceremonies and thereafter no commencement was held until 1783. THE BROWN ALUMNI MONTHLY 155 Wanted : It is remarkable that no a Tablet tablet has ever been erect- ed at the Beneficent Con- gregational L'hnroh to commemorate the fact that the first five commencements in Providence were held in the original edifice of the Beneficent society. Many members of this historic chnrch in the past have been Brown men also ; and the college is still represented on its membership roll. The Alumni Monthly suggests the aj)pointment of a commit- tee by someone in authority to place a suitable tablet either inside the churcli or upon the exterior, appropriately re- cording its connection with the univer- sity, provided of course, that the church is agreeable to the proposition. Professor Nathaniel F. Davis might properly be the chairman of the commit- tee and Mr. Royal H. Gladding, '92. one of its members. BRUNONIANS FAR AND NEAR FACULTY NOTES At the last election Professor Phetteplace of the departmeiTt of mechanical engineering was elected a member of the town council of the town of Cranston, on the Republican ticket, filling the vacancy caused by the election of Councilman Z. W. Bliss to the office of lieu- tenant-governor. Dr. Jay Perkins delivered a stereopticon lecture before the Men's Club of St. James Church, Broadway, December 30. His sub- ject was "Tuberculosis; the causes which lead to the disease and the best methods of treat- ing it." Professor F. W. Marvel attended the meet- ing of the Intercollegiate A'thletic Association in New York city, December 28, and was elect- ed a member of the executive committee of the association. Professors Jacobs and Poland delivered lec- tures before the Rhode Island Women's Clubs, Jan. 4 and 10, on "Play in Cliildliood and Maturity" and "Art and Democracy." A new volume of the series : Original Nar- ratives of Early American History, edited by Professor J. Franklin Jameson of the Car- negie Institution of Washing-ton, has appear- ed entitled, "Narratives of New Netherland." The vohune contains several narratives of the exploration and settlement of New Nether- land written in Dutch in the T7th century. Some of these pieces exist only in manuscript at The Hague. The printed editions are also rare, j^et copies are found in the John Carter Brown Librar^^ Early translations of two of these narratives, "Vcrtoogh van Nieu-Neder- Land" and "Korte Historiael ende Journaels .\enteyckeninge" by David Petersz de Vries, were compared with the original text and re- vised by Professor A. Clinton Crowell. A THRILLING SUBJECT George H. Webb, '90, secretary of tlie Board of Trade, and Professor Henry B. Gardner, '84, addressed the Men's Club of the Cranston Street Baptist Church, on the high cost of living, on Jan. ir. AT NEWTON THEOLOGICAL INSTITUTION The following Brown men arc registered at Newton Theological Institution, this year : Senior class, 1910 — iPhanuel B. Covell, '07 ; Earle B. Cross, '05; Walter D. Swaffield, '06. Middle class, 1911 — Robert S. Pinkham, '08; .\lbert C. Thomas, '08 ; Walter E. Woodbury, '06. Junior class, 1912 — John .\. Foote, '09; Sidnev S. Paine, '08; Merritt L. Gregg, adv. '08. BOSTON ALUMN.uxton, '04, w-as best man and Albert K. Pot- ter. '02, was one of the groomsmen. Mr. and Mrs. Buxton will live on Gano street, Providence. THE BROWN ALUMNI MONTHLY i6i On Thursday, December 23, 1909, William Douglas, '94, was married to Miss Anna Brew- ster Stanton of Pittsburgli, Pa. Mr. and Mrs. Douglas will live at 5510 Kentucky avenue, Pittsburgh. On Friday, December 31, 1909, Henry Greene Jackson, '06, was married to Miss Maria VVoolford Holbrook, in St. Luke's Church, Baltimore, Md. The bride was at- tended by her sister, Miss Belle Holbrook. Donald Jackson, ex-'og, brother of the groom, was best man, and Dr. E. Gordon Holbrook and Evan B. Owen, '06, served as ushers. Mr. and Mrs. Jackson will make their home in Phenix, R. I. Deaths Frederick Lyman Batchelder, 1839 Rev. Frederick Lyman Batchelder, senior alumnus of Brown University, died at East Milton, Mass., January 15, 1909. January 17th would have been his 95th birthday. An extended notice of his life will be published in our next issue. Charles Bradley, 1898 Charles Bradley died in Pittsburgh, Pa., on January 17, 1910. Born in Providence on De- cember 19, 1877, Mr. Bradley prepared for col- lege at the Hinckley and University Gram- mar Schools in his native city. Entering Brown in the fall of 1894, during his entire course he exhibited a deep interest in physics and chemistry, and was graduated in the class of 1898 with the degree of A. B. Mr. Brad- ley was a member of Alpha D^elta Phi. In the autumn of 1898, Mr. Bradley entered the engineering department of the New Eng- lang Telephone and Telegraph Company in Boston, but within a year took a similar posi- tion with the Central District and Pr'nting Telegraph Company in Pittsburgh. Mr. Brad- ley, by close application and marked ability, had successfully risen to the position of su- perintendent of outside plant in the latter com- pany, which operates the Bell lines in west- ern Pennsylvania. It was -while Mr. Bradley was actively en- gaged in his work near Erie, Pennsylvania, that the blood-poisoning that proved fatal first appeared. The infection, starting in the left liand, developed so rapidly, on Mr. Bradley's return to Pittsburgh, that death resulted in three days thereafter. On October 16, 1901, Mr. Bradley mar- ried Miss Helen Nancy Hunt, daughter of Horatio A. Hunt of this city. Mrs. Bradley and three sons survive. The eldest son is the fourth and only survivor in successive genera- tions to bear the name Charles Bradley. Charles Bradley, '98, was a son of Charles Bradley, a lawyer of this city, and of Jane W., daughter of William M. Bailey. The grandfather of the deceased was Charles S. Bradley, '38, a former chief justice of the su- preme court of the state of Rhode Island. Mr. Bradley chose the telephone business as his life work, being attracted thereto by the identification of his uncle, George L. Bradley, with the American Bell Telephone Company from its organization, in which the latter re- tained large interests up to the time of his de- cease. David Wilkinson Smith, 1907 David W. Smith, instructor in Greek in Brown University, was struck and instantly killed by an electric car at the Smithfield road grade crossing at North Smithfield, Dec. 30, 1909. Mr. Smith was born in North Smithfield in 1883 and was the son of Charles H. and Seraphine (Wilkinson) Smith. He prepared for college at the Woonsocket High School, where his record as a student has seldom been excelled, and graduated in 1903, the valedictorian of his class. On en- tering Brown, he won the president's second premiums in both Green and Latin, and was elected a member of Phi Beta Kappa, in his junior year. In June, 1907, he received the de- grees of A. B. and A. M., having completed the work required for both degrees in four years. After graduation he received the ap- pointment of instructor in Greek, a position which he held at the time of his death. Mr. Smith was an enrolled candidate for the de- gree of doctor of philosophy, and would have received the degree next June. DAVID AUGUSTUS LEONARD, 1792 By his Grandson, John Hay, 1858 David Augustus Leonard, eldest son of David and Mary (Hall) Leonard, was born in Bridgewater, Mass., Sept. 25, 1771. He was a boy of refined and studious disposition, much given to books from his earliest days. He was prepared for college by a famous instructor, Abner Alden, and was graduated from Brown University in 1792 ;t he delivered the class poem, a function which was repeated by one of his grandsons sixty-six years later. He had embraced the Baptist faith while a stu- dent, and had been baptized, according to the rigorous fashion of those days, by immersion in the Seekonk river, a hole having been cut in the ice for that purpose. After leaving col- lege he taught school for a while, at the same time pursuing his theological studies, and was ordained as a minister on the 17th of Decem- * Printed by permission from a ms. in the possession of Miss Anna R. Leonard of Bos- ton, t He delivered at commencement "An Ora- tion on French Air Balloons." l62 THE BROWN ALUMNI MONTHLY ber, 1/94, ^t Bridgewater, .Massachusetts ; the sermon on the occasion was preached by tlie Reverend Dr. Thomas Baldwin. In 1796-7 he preached on the Island of Nantucket. On the 9th of February, 1797, he was married to Miss Mary Peirce, fifth daughter, and ninth child of Captain Job Peirce and Elizabetli Rounse- ville. Mar}', or, as she was commonly called Polly Peirce, was a woman of remarkable at- tractiveness and extraordinary strength of character. She was thoroughly and carefully educated and formed a most congenial and Iielpful consort to a man so refined and scholarly as Mr. Leonard. He went soon af- ter his marriage to New York and there filled tlie pulpit of the principal Baptist clnn-cli of .1 Ci that city, which was then established in Gold street — 'the same society which now worships in Park avenue. His brother Bernard Leonard was at that time a prosperous merchant in New York. David A. Leonard had a distinguished posi- tion among the cultivated men of his day ; he was often called upon to speak on occasions of public interest. Among the addresses which were printed and have been preserved are "A sermon delivered at Holmes Harbor, Martha's Vineyard, on the death of Air. John Holmes, Nov. 1st, 1795;" "An Oration at Nantucket at a celebration of a Festival of St. John by L nion Lodge, 179O;" "A funeral sermon m Gold Street Church, Feb. 16, 1800;" "An Ora- tion on the death of Gen. George Washington delivered in the First Baptist Meeting House HI New York, Feb. 22, 1800;" "Oration at Kaynham, Mass., July 5th, 1802;" "Oration at Dighton, July 4th, 1803;" "An Oration on the Acquisition of Louisiana, delivered at Kayn- ham, May II, 1804." He removed to Bristol, Rhode Island, in June, 1805. On account of a change of religious views in the direction of Unitananism he relinquished his place in the Baptist church and entered upon commercial life in which he was reason- ably successful. In 1806 he was appointed by President Jefferson postmaster of Bristol, a position which he held for eleven years. He resigned it in 1817, as he had at that time re- solved to go to the West. His life in Bristol was one of intense activity. In addition to his duties as postmaster and the cares of his commercial house, he was secretary and prin- cipal manager of the Bristol Insurance Com- pany and editor and proprietor of the Bristol Republican. He gave a great deal of time to the education of his family, and yet found leisure among these multifarious occupations to make a translation of the New Testament. This last work was never published, the manuscript hav- ing been destroyed in the terrible storm of September 23, 1815, still remembered by the old people of Bristol, which wrecked his wharves and his storehouses that stood by the waterside. His intention in going West was to establish his family at Vincennes which was at that time the most flourishing town in Indiana. He never reached that place. His health, already gravely impaired, failed on the journey. Ar- riving in December at the little town of La- conia, near the Ohio river, in Harrison county, he concluded to go no further. He bought a considerable estate in land, but was unable to continue the active habit of life to which he was accustomed. He died on the 22nd of July, 1819. After his death his widow had occasion to display her remarkable powers of intelligence and character. She was forty- two years of age, with eleven children ; separ- ated from home and friends by a distance hardly conceivable in these days of railroads and telegraph, with a property consisting al- most entirely of unproductive land. It was not only without dismay or repining, but prob- ably with no idea that her conduct was espec- ially meritorious, that she betook herself to the care of her large family and the manage- ment of her affairs. She had the success which was due to her merit. The matron of the Proverbs was not better spoken of at the city gates than was this notable widow, on both sides of the Ohio river. She lived to see her family well-established in life, and died on the 2nd of October, 1836. THE BROWN ALUMNI MONTHLY RHODE ISLAND HOSPITAL TRUST CO. PROVIDENCE, RHODE ISLAND CAPITAL SURPLUS $2,000,000 $2,000,000 TRANSACTS A GENERAL BANKING AND TRUST BUSINESS ALLOWS INTEREST on accounts sub- ject to check at sight. Executors, Ad- ministrators, Guardians or Receivers depositinjr funds with this Company are by law exempted from all personal liability. ACCEPTS TRUSTS, created by will or otherwise, and is by law authorized to ict as Executor, Administrator, Guar- dian or Receiver. RENTS SAFES in its vaults at $10.00 pei year and upwards; also receives Bonds, Jewelry, vSilverware and other valu- ables for Safe Keeping. LOANS MONEY on Real Estate or other approved Collateral ISSUES LETTERS of CREDIT and IN- TERNATIONAL CHEQUES, avail- able everywhere. DRAWS DRAFTS on London, Paris, Berlin, Vienna and other European cities. FOREIGN MONEY BOUGHT and SOLD Depositary and Custodian of Funds of BROWN UNIVERSITY OFFICERS HERBERT J. "WELLS, President EDWARD S. CLARK, Vice-President HORATIO A. HUNT, Vice-President WILLIAM A. GAMWELL, Secretary PRESTON H. GARDNER, Trust Officer CYRUS E. LAPHAM, Asst. Secretary JOHN E. WILLIAMS, Asst. Secretary HENRY L. SLADER, Asst. Sec'y GILBERT A. HARRINGTON, Asst. Trust Officer Royal C. Taft Robert H. I. Goddard Robert I. Gammell William B. Weeden Edward D. Pearce Robert Knight John W. Danielson Herbert J. Wells Lyman B. Goff DIRECTORS Rowland G. Hazard Nelson W. Aldrich Samuel R. Dorrance Howard O. Sturges Stephen O. Metcalf Walter R. Callender Edward Holbrook James E. Sullivan Benjamin M. Jackson John R. Freeman Charles S. Mellen Robert W. Taft Webster Knight Stephen O. Edwards Frank W. Matteson R. H. Ives Goddard, Jr. THE BROWN ALUMNI MONTHLY 1 H^ngM Si II l( r~|( v ,;lf jt"-' .''-^f'^Ti^ f, V^a « I:; "''I' ' "-'^'ih s i\ Worcester Academy Z.'Z'TZ with its unexcelled thoroughness of equipment, its experienced faculty, effective methods and fine location, offers a training to the boy preparing for college, scientific school or business superior to that given in most preparatory schools. Two courses: Classical and Scientific. Eight buildings. Laboratories and manual training shops. Superb dining hall. The new "Megaron" contains a noble recreation hall and a big swimming pool. New central heating and electric light plant. Adequately fitted infirmary. Gymnasium. Sound physical training. Campus of 12 acres. New athletic field eleven acroe; Field House, quarter mile track, 220 yards straight way; football and baseball fields. Illustrated catalogue, showing other distinctive features of this efficient school, sent on request. D. W. ABERCROMBIE, LL. D., Principal, Worcester, Ma^ . Three Forceful Texts International Law .... 530 pp. $2.50 By George G. Wilson, Ph. D. and George F. Tucker, Ph. D. An authoritative, virile, up-to-date text. The fifth edition of a book which, in its own field, is absolutely unequalled. SOCIOLOGY: Its Simpler Teachings and Applications. . . . 405 pp. . . . $1.50 By James Quayle Dealey, Ph. D. Lucid, optimistic, broad-minded and constructive ; a book which equips its stu- dents to deal more wisely and more vigor- ously with the problem of social better- ment. The Development of the State 343 pp. $1.50 By lames Quayle Dealey, Ph. D. A clear cut, consistent text which treats history as a science but, at the same time, emphasizes its vital, human element RHODE ISLAND CO-OPERATIVE GOAL COMPANY Yard and Pockets, 275-277 South Water Street Treasurer's Qftice - - - 97 Hope Street SILVER, BURDETT 6 COMPANY New York Boston Chicago "THIS Company offers to the house - ' holder and business man an oppor- tunity to buy coal at the lowest price. An investment in its stock makes the nvestor a sharer in the profits of the business without liability as a stock- holder. Coal of good quality, good weight and hand-screened is delivered to every purchaser. For further particulars inquire of J. J. COUTANCHE, Treas. Tele. 606-L Angell 97 Hope St.. Prov., R. I THE BROWN ALUMNI MONTHLY THE ABBOTT SCHOOL FARMINGTON, MAINE Offers the natural attractiveness of the i\angelcy Lake region, the quiet of an educational village, no manufacturing, and the com- forts of a city home. Journey made to and from Boston in Private Pullman in charge of a Master. The school is fitting boys to enter Harvard, Yale, Brown, and other New England colleges. Eighth Year Opens September Twenty-ninth. GEORGE DUDLEY CHURCH, Headmaster BROWN, -99 Direct your attention to their offering:s of reliable grades of Silks, Dress Goods, Garments, Millinery, Linens, Hosiery, Underwear, Gloves, Laces, Etc. Our Keputation Extending over a period of more than One Hundred Years is so well known that customers may be sure that — "If it comes from Cladding's, it's right in quality and value." me$ttnln$ter and matbcwsoM $t$. Providence, R. L Harvard Medical School The new buildings , four of which are devoted entirely to laboratory teach- ing and research, were dedicated September 25th, 1906. Abundant facilitie for general and special clinical instn.iction in medicine and surgery are afforded by the numerous hospitals of Boston ; COURSE 'rVL DEGREE OF M. D. A four years' course, open to bachelors of art, literature, philosophy, or science, and to persons of equivalent standing, leads to the degree of M. D. The studies of the fourth year are wholly elective; they include laboratory subjects, general med- icine, general surgery, and the special clinical branches. The School -year extends from the Thursday following the last Wednesday m September to the last Wednesday in June. RRAnilATF r.nilR^F^ Throughout the School-year, special courses open to UnHUUHIL UUUnOLd graduates of recognized medical schools are offered in the various subjects of practical medicine and the medical sciences. ^IIMMPR PflllR^F^ During the summer months, similar courses are open OUmiTILin UUUnOLg ^^ ^^^^ medical students and graduates. RFSF4RPH WORK ^^ ^^^ ^^^ laboratories opportunity is given at all times for riLOLHriUn ftuni\ properly qualified persons to conduct original investigations For Detailed Announcements address Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass. THE BROWN ALUMNI MONTHLY PROVIDENCE COAL CO. ANTHRACITE and BITUMINOUS WHOLESALE Q Q ^ L===AND RETAIL Central Office, Corner Ctxstom House and M^eybosset iStreets Yard, Corner of Dorrance and Dyer Sts. PROVIDENCE, R. 1. WE MUST SELL 400 More Copies of MEMORIES OF BROWN TO MEET EXPENSES OF THE BOOK Don't Delay Longer but send in check for $2.70 including express or $2.50 Providence delivery. See Special Offer Opposite First Page of Reading Matter THE BROWN ALUMNI MONTHLY CLASSIFIED BUSINESS DIRECTORY NOTE : — A Brown Man should be listed in this directory. It assures you of the patronage of Brozvn Men. Send in yotir business card to EARL N, MANCHESTER, Business Manager Providence, R. I. Providence, R. I. Lawyers MBNDBLL W. CRANE, Attorney at Law, 87 WEYBOSSET ST. W. LOUIS FROST, Attorney at Law, 48 CUSTOM HOUSE ST. WATERMAN, CURRAN & HUNT, Attorneys at Law, 402 BANIGAN BLDG. PERCY WL GARDNER, Attorney at Law, 75 WESTMINSTER ST. CHESTER W. BARROWS, Attorney at Law, 87 WEYBOSSET ST. TROY & TROY, Attorneys at Law, 32 WESTMINSTER ST. HOWARD T. METCALF, Attorney at Law, 32 WESTMINSTER ST. THOMAS A. JENCKES, Attorney at Law, 32 WESTMINSTER ST. CLIFFORD S. TOWER Attorney at Law, 410 INDUSTRIAL TRUST BLDG. J. CUNLIFFE BULLOCK, Attorney at Law. 1004 UNION TRUST BUILDING. Printers THOMAS J. GRIFFIN, JR., Printer, 26 CUSTOM HOUSE ST. THE BROWN ALUMNI MONTHLY THE BEST COAL FOR EVERY PURPOSE For Steaming Purposes : NEW RIVER For Blacksmith- ing: QEORQESCREEK For Family- Purposes : LACKAWANNA SCRANTON LEHIGH JERMYN PITTSTON FRANKLIN Tel. 705, Union 35 WEYBOSSET ST., Providence, R. I. Drugs, Chemicals and liHedicines Electric Batteries Invalid Roller Chairs Prescriptions a specialty Geo. L. Claflin Co. 62 to 64 South Main St. PROVIDENCE, - R. I. Dental School of Harvard University liOSTON, - MA.SS. The fortieth year of this school begins September. 1909. Instruction isgiven through- out theAcademic year by lectures, recitations, clinics and practical exercises, uniformly dis- tributed. It is the object of the faculty to present a complete course of instruction in the theory and practice of dentistry, and for this purpose a well appointed laboratory and in- firmary are provided, and such arrangements made as insure an ample supply of patients. For detailed information, address, DR. EUGENE H. SMITH, Dean, 283 Dartmouth St.. Boston, Mass. Fine Perfumes and Toilet Articles A Choice Selection of CIGARS, Imported & Domestic PHYSICIANS' PRESCRIPTIONS CORRECTLY PREPARED Blanding & BlandinR 54 and 58 WEYBOSSET ST. What Cheer PriotlDg Companj PRINT&RS AND PUBLISHERS THE ONLY Poster Printing PLANT IN PROVIDENCE 98 Pine St., Cor. Eddy Telephone 1663 Union Suffolk Engraving and Electrotyping Co. FULLY EOUIPPED FOR PHOTO-ENGRAVING, ELECTROTYPING AND WOOD CUTTING 53 Sabin Street, Providence, R, I. TELEPHONE UNION 2777 JOHN A. GAMMONS 171 WESTMINSTER STREET INSURANCE OF ALL KINDS PRESTON & ROUNDS CO. No. 98 Westminster Street Providence. R. I. Qooksellers Stationers UIMBLE Jire &Marine Jnfumnce 0mpany FROYIDENCB.RI STARKWEATHER & SHEPLEY, Inc. GEO. L. SHEPLEY, President Insurance of Fvery Description FIDELITY and SURETY BONDS 17 Custom House Street Providence, R. I. New York Office 80-82 William St. Chicago Office 159 La Salle St Boston Office, 4 Liberty Square Paris, France Office, 20 Kue Chaucha Puritan i£xU ^nmvmitt Company RAPID PROGRESS LOW EXPENSES One of the oldest and most conservative companies in existence to-day was organized SEVENTEEN YEARS, before it collected as much in premiums in a single year, as were paid to the Puritan during its SECOND YEAR and the same company had at that time paid thousands of dollars in death claims. The Puritan, however, has made the almost unprece- dented record of not a single death loss since organization, Nov. 12, 1907, to Jan. i, 1910, and at the same time has increased its business at a low expense and in 1908 made the largest increase in insurance in force in Rhode Island of all companies operating in the State. THE NEW PAID-FOR BUSINESS FOR 1909 EXCEEDED THAT OF 1908 LOW MORTALITY AND LOW EXPENSES MEAN LARGE DIVIDENDS OFFICERS DARIUS L. GOFF, President J. D. E. JONES, Vice-President ROWLAND G. HAZARD, Vice-President Dr. JAMES E. SULLIVAN, Treasurer CLINTON C. WHITE, Secretary and Assistant Treasurer Dr. EDMUND D. CHESEBRO, Medical Director CHARLES G. SMITH, Actuary iiom^ ©ffirf - - - . Ij^ramhtna, S. 31. :!^5:5??P:: >;^'.':?;^;!;?;;;r>s?;s«M