The Annenberg Institute at Brown University has developed this national working paper series to provide public access to high-quality papers from multiple disciplines on a wide variety of topics related to education. EdWorkingPapers focuses particularly on research with strong implications for education policy. EdWorkingPapers circulates papers prior to publication for comment and discussion; these papers have not gone through a peer review processes. Contributors can update papers to provide readers with the most up-to-date findings. The Annenberg Institute at Brown aims to equalize and improve educational opportunities through actionable knowledge, human development and broad engagement. As an umbrella for the range of work at Brown enriching education for children and youth, the Annenberg Institute is developing a model for how institutions of higher education can contribute to educational systems for just and flourishing societies.